Sudan has entered its fourth year of war since fighting erupted on 15 April 2023 between the national army and the Rapid Support Forces militia. The country is now more fractured and exhausted than at any previous stage, with core systems collapsing across humanitarian, economic, service, and psychological dimensions under the weight of an open ended conflict with no visible resolution.
As millions of Sudanese face a suspended reality shaped by displacement, hunger, and death, the international response remains limited to passive observation. Political inaction and prolonged silence have coincided with a steady decline in media coverage of one of the region’s most severe crises, leaving the population confronting an increasingly bleak trajectory alone.
After three full years of war, the situation continues to deteriorate, with destruction expanding and systemic collapse deepening. Sudanese perspectives now oscillate between a faint hope that even minimal diplomatic efforts might reduce the intensity of the crisis, and a growing fear that the next phase will be more severe, pushing the country into an even darker chapter.
Humanitarian Catastrophe
The war has driven Sudan into an unprecedented humanitarian collapse, transforming the crisis from a military confrontation into a comprehensive breakdown of essential life systems, including food security, healthcare, education, and relief capacity.
According to estimates from the World Health Organization, approximately 33.7 million people are expected to require humanitarian assistance in 2026, while other assessments suggest that nearly 75 percent of the population is now in need of aid.
At the same time, 61.7 percent of the population, equivalent to around 28.9 million people, are experiencing acute food insecurity. Millions are surviving on a single daily meal, reflecting the depth of national collapse.
Children are bearing the most severe impact. The UNICEF projects that 4.2 million children will suffer from acute malnutrition this year, including more than 825,000 cases classified as severe. In addition, 17.3 million children require humanitarian assistance, while 8 million remain out of school as nearly half of educational facilities are no longer operational.
Infrastructure destruction, particularly in healthcare and public services, has further intensified displacement and suffering. The World Health Organization estimates that 11.5 million people have been displaced, including 7.2 million newly displaced since the outbreak of the war, placing Sudan among the most critical displacement crises globally.
Economic Collapse
The conflict has inflicted severe damage on Sudan’s economy, stripping it of resilience and exposing it to extreme vulnerability. This has directly impacted living standards and expanded poverty at an unprecedented rate, now exceeding 60 percent, with projections indicating further escalation if the conflict persists.
The United Nations Development Programme has warned that continued war through 2030 could set the national economy back by decades, as production losses, declining incomes, and collapsing services converge with widening displacement and hunger crises.
Data highlights the scale of economic damage. Sudan lost an estimated 6.4 billion US dollars in GDP in 2023 alone, while nearly 7 million additional people fell into extreme poverty within a single year. GDP contracted by 12 percent, while inflation surged to approximately 170 percent in 2024. Public debt reached nearly 148 percent of GDP by the end of the same year, according to a joint report by the UNDP and the Institute for Security Studies in South Africa.
Beyond macroeconomic indicators, the war has eroded household spending capacity, disrupted labour markets, and constrained state ability to finance any meaningful economic or social response, placing the country at risk of a prolonged cycle of economic and social deterioration.
International Silence and Media Neglect
The Sudan crisis continues under a level of international silence that raises serious questions. Over three years, global actors have largely remained observers rather than active participants in resolving the conflict or mitigating its consequences.
International engagement has been limited to statements of condemnation, diplomatic appeals, and verbal warnings, without translating into tangible actions capable of halting the war or reducing its humanitarian cost.
Compounding the situation, reports presented by the Sudanese government regarding external involvement in supporting militia factions and committing violations have not led to decisive action or serious reassessment of those roles.
In a notable contradiction, some actors accused of involvement remain part of international frameworks tasked with addressing the crisis, reflecting a lack of coherent strategy and, in the view of many, an absence of genuine political will to resolve the conflict.
This political indifference is mirrored by increasing media neglect. As global attention shifted to other conflicts, including Gaza and escalating tensions involving the United States and Israel with Iran, Sudan has been pushed to the margins. Coverage has declined significantly, leaving one of the most severe humanitarian disasters in the region largely overlooked.
Despite continuous reporting from international and independent organisations on the scale of violations and humanitarian suffering, global response remains limited. This reflects not only weak humanitarian engagement but also the limited alignment of the Sudan crisis with the strategic priorities of major powers, exposing a clear double standard in the treatment of global crises.
Berlin Conference: A Limited Opening?
Amid widespread pessimism, some observers continue to place cautious hope in international efforts, particularly with the convening of a global conference on Sudan in Berlin, coinciding with the third anniversary of the war.
While not the first initiative of its kind, following earlier conferences in Paris in 2024 and London in 2025, the Berlin meeting is viewed by some as distinct due to broader international participation and political engagement, potentially offering greater scope for influence.
The conference is expected to include a wide range of stakeholders, from international coalitions to regional organisations such as the European Union, the African Union, IGAD, and the Arab League. The primary focus is on mobilising funding, improving humanitarian aid delivery mechanisms, and reducing the catastrophic impact on civilians.
However, optimism remains limited. The continued neglect of the root causes of the conflict, alongside unresolved concerns raised by the Sudanese government regarding external involvement, undermines the potential for meaningful progress.
As long as channels sustaining the conflict remain open through military and logistical support to armed factions, any conference, regardless of its scale, is unlikely to produce a fundamental shift. Sudan enters its fourth year of war without a clear political horizon, without a coherent roadmap for resolution, and without consensus even on diagnosing the core drivers of the crisis.
