The far-right has dominated Israel’s political landscape for years, with the current ruling coalition being the most extreme to date. This shift reflects the continuous rightward trajectory of Israeli politics, with the last left-leaning prime minister, Ehud Barak, serving only briefly between 1999 and 2001.
This political and social reality is deeply intertwined with the diverse religious and cultural fabric of Israeli society. Comprised of people from across the globe over the past 76 years since the occupation of Palestine, Israeli society exhibits significant divisions in beliefs and practices tied to Judaism. These divisions are broadly categorized into four groups, from the most devout to the least: Haredim, Datiim, Masortim, and Hiloniim.
1. Haredim: The Ultra-Orthodox and Insular
The Haredim (from the Hebrew root meaning “those who fear [God]”) represent the most religiously devout segment of Jewish society, accounting for approximately 10% of Israel’s Jewish population. Known for their strict adherence to Orthodox Judaism, they maintain a highly insular lifestyle, often isolating themselves from the broader society.
Key Characteristics:
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- Community Control: The Haredim enforce strict societal norms, and violators face severe communal sanctions.
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- Distinct Appearance: Men wear traditional black hats (e.g., kippah, fedora, or shtreimel), while women cover their hair with wigs or scarves.
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- Education and Military Service: Haredi men often study in yeshivot (religious institutions), exempting them from mandatory military service.
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- Anti-Zionist Views: Many Haredim reject Zionism, believing a Jewish state can only be established after the arrival of the Messiah.
2. Datiim: The National-Religious
The Datiim, or religious Zionists, follow Orthodox practices but are more integrated into mainstream society. Their religious observance is closely tied to nationalist ideology, viewing the establishment of Israel as divinely ordained.
Key Characteristics:
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- Nationalist Alignment: Strong supporters of Israel’s settlement expansion in the West Bank, believing it fortifies national security.
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- Military Participation: Unlike the Haredim, most Datiim actively serve in the Israeli military.
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- Right-Wing Politics: Over 70% support policies such as the expulsion or displacement of Palestinians, reflecting their alignment with the far-right.
3. Masortim: The Traditionalists
The Masortim (traditionalists) represent a middle ground, blending religious observance with secular life. While respecting Jewish traditions, they do not adhere strictly to religious law and practice.
Key Characteristics:
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- Cultural Diversity: This group predominantly includes Sephardic Jews (of Middle Eastern descent), though it has recently grown to include some Ashkenazi Jews (of European descent).
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- Diverse Practices: Some support public observance of religious traditions, such as halting public transportation on the Sabbath, while others oppose such restrictions.
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- Social Integration: Masortim are more socially open, often maintaining friendships and relationships outside their group.
4. Hiloniim: The Secular and Atheist Majority
The Hiloniim, who make up roughly 50% of Israeli Jews, are the least religiously observant, with many identifying as atheists or secularists. They emphasize cultural and national identity over religious affiliation.
Key Characteristics:
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- Secular Outlook: Many Hiloniim view Judaism as a cultural heritage rather than a religion. Their practices, such as celebrating holidays, are more cultural than spiritual.
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- Democracy vs. Religion: They strongly advocate separating religion from the state, often clashing with the Orthodox segments over public policies and governance.
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- Pluralistic Identity: While proud of their Jewish heritage, many Hiloniim prioritize their Israeli identity over religious affiliation.
Points of Contention: Politics, Society, and Religion
Israeli society is deeply divided over critical issues such as marriage laws, gender separation, public transportation on the Sabbath, and military conscription:
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- Military Service: The Haredim’s exemption from military service has sparked widespread controversy, with figures like former Defense Minister Yoav Gallant opposing these exemptions.
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- Religion in Politics: Haredim and Datiim advocate for policies rooted in religious law, while Hiloniim push for democratic principles that often conflict with Orthodox beliefs.
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- National Identity: Disagreements over whether Jewish identity is primarily religious or cultural underpin broader societal divides.
The Future of Jewish Identity in Israel
Despite their differences, most Israeli Jews agree that Israel can be both a Jewish and democratic state. However, their views diverge when democracy clashes with religious doctrine.
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- Haredim: View Judaism as inherently religious and prioritize religious laws over democratic principles.
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- Hiloniim: Advocate for democratic values, viewing Judaism as a cultural and national identity.
These divisions extend to foundational questions about Jewish identity, with Haredim emphasizing religious faith and Hiloniim highlighting heritage and culture.
